However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. Aug 21, 2015 the theory x and theory y are not based on a single truth.
Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. In combination, both approaches are referred to as theory xy. It is an \extension of z in the sense that we allow all the integers, plus an \extra symbol x, which we are allowed to multiply and add, giving rise to x2,x3, etc. Theory z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y. Adding up various combinations of these gives all the possible integer polynomials. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave.
This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the. Theory z is often referred to as the japanese management style, which is. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and.
A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach. Pdf comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and. Dec 22, 2017 in this video we are going to be looking at douglas mcgregor theory x and theory y managers. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y.
Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Managers who follow this theory are autocratic in style and enforce rigid working procedures. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Dec 10, 2018 the theory z also assumes that employees trust that they can carry out their work properly with the right support from management. Organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y, theory z are the newly introduced. Coming to theory ytype organizations, appraisal is also regular and crucial, but is usually a separate mechanism from organizational controls. Ouchis z theory adds an extra component to the mcgregor theory x and theory y of social psychologist douglas mcgregor, who formulated his theory in the seventies. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. According to mcgregor, theory x seeks to promote engagement by directing, monitoring. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise.
Theory xy remains central to organizational development, and to. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. The x theory is also referred to as hard management style and the y theory as soft or enlightened management style. Although x and y are the standard names given to mcgregors theories, it is also appropriate to mention here that. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Humanistic psychologist abraham maslow, upon whose work mcgregor drew for theories x and y, went on to propose his own model of workplace motivation, theory z. The theory z is a continuation of this last style, which makes it an even more participative style than the y theory. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. In 1960 douglas mc gregor defined contrasting assumptions about the nature of humans in the work place. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory y states that work is as natural as play or rest, people are not inherently lazy, they have become that way as a result of experience. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Theory z suggests that large complex organisations are human systems and their effectiveness depends on the quality of humanism used. Pdf comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z. Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to. Mcgregors theory is also from are one of those theories that comprise much influence on both the management and the employee. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. William ouchi developed theory z after making a comparative study of japanese and american management practices. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Jul 08, 2017 theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees.
As you read, see if the descriptions fit anyone you have worked for. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Aug 16, 2016 organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y, theory z are the newly introduced. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y.
Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. This is one of the most famous motivational theories in management. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. Theory x and theory y team management training from. The average human being does not inherently dislike work. Employees should be given opportunities to contribute to organizational wellbeing. Douglas macgregor defined theory x and theory y, which are differing assumptions about human behavior in the workplace. Theory z, however, advocates a combination of all best attributes of theory y and modern japanese management principles, which place a large amount of freedom and trust with workers, and assumes that workers have a strong loyalty and interest in teamworking and the. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. Unlike theories x and y, theory z recognizes a transcendent dimension to work and worker motivation.
Apr 02, 2012 theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. In this video we are going to be looking at douglas mcgregor theory x and theory y managers. Theory z suggests that large complex organisations are human systems and their effectiveness depends on the. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. In this section youll learn more about three different managerial styles and their impact on employee motivation.
Mba 101 leadership, motivation mcgregor theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Job security the japanese theory z approach believes that people are a far too valuable resource to be lost when the economy has a downturn. Theory x, theory y, and theory z what youll learn to do. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques.
Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory y implies that the managers should create and encourage a work environment which provides opportunities to employees to take initiative and selfdirection. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960.
After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Theory x and theory y of management represent two fundamental approaches to employee engagement carson, 2005. Theory xtype organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance assessment is part of the overall mechanism of control and compensation. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations. Though these theories are very basic in nature, they provide a platform for future generations of management theorists and practitioners to understand the changing dynamics of human behavior. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x asserts that people dislike work and require discipline and control to be coerced into working.
Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. The democratic approach of theory y makes people feel comfortable as a result of which they commit themselves wholeheartedly to the organization. Difference between theory x and theory y compare the. May 02, 2017 theory x and theory y were introduced in 1960 by douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist in his book the human side of enterprise. The impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance.
Introduction theory x and y was developed by douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist in 1960. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Just as douglas macgregors theory x and y were based on management assumptions about people, so too is ouichis theory z approach. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and.
The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Jun 25, 2019 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Douglas mcgregor, a behavior management theorist who was heavily influenced by both abraham maslow and. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Theories x, y and various versions of z have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory x managers and theory y managers often see their perceptions of people confirmed. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee motivation. People will exercise self direction and self control in the service of the objectives to which they are committed.
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